βAPN — β-Aminopropionitrile
γ-IR — γ-Irradiation
ω-3 PUFA — Omega-3 polyunsaturated
AACR — American Association for Cancer Research
ABC — ATP-binding cassette
ABCG2 — ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2
ACKR3 — Atypical chemokine receptor 3
ADAM — A disintegrin and a metalloprotease domain
ADCC — Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
ADT — Androgen-deprivation therapy
AFP — Α-fetoprotein
AhR — Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
AIDS — Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AJCC — American Joint Cancer Committee
ALDH — Aldehyde dehydrogenase
ALDH1 — Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1
ALK — Activin receptor-like kinase
ALL — Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
AML — Acute myeloid leukemia
AML-CFU — acute myeloid leukemia–colony-forming unit
AMPK — Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
ANGPT1 — Angiopoietin1
Ang-1 — Angiopoietin-1
ANKRD28 — Ankyrin repeat domain 28
APC — Adenomatous polyposis coli
APH1 — Anterior pharynx-defective 1
APL — Acute promyelocytic leukemia
AR — Androgen receptor
ARC — Association pour la recherche sur le cancer
Arx — Aristaless-related homeobox
AT1 — Alveolar type 1
ATM — Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated
ATO — Arsenic trioxide
ATRA — All-trans retinoic acid
AβPP — Amyloid β-protein precursor
B
6-BG — O(6)-Benzylguanine
B-ALL — B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
B-CLL — B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
BAA — Bodipy-aminoacetate
BAAA — Bodipy-aminoacetaldehyde
BADJs — Bronchoalveolar duct junctions
BCC — Basal cell carcinoma
BCECF — 2′,7′-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester
BCL-2 — B-cell lymphoma protein 2
Bcl-Xl — B-cell lymphoma-extra large
BCNU — Bis-chloroethylnitrosourea
BCRP — Breast cancer resistance protein
BCRP1 — Breakpoint cluster region pseudogene 1
BCSC — Breast cancer stem cells
bFGF — Basic fibroblast growth factor
BiCNU — Bis-chloroethylnitrosourea
BiTEs — Bispecifi c T-cell engagers
BKCa — Calcium-dependent potassium channels
BM — Bone marrow
BMI1 — B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog
BMDCs — Bone marrow-derived cells
BMP — Bone morphogenetic protein
BPH — Benign prostatic hyperplasia
bsAbs — Bispecifi c antibodies
C
CACs — Centroacinar cells
CAD — C-terminal activation domain
CAFC — Cobblestone area forming assay
CAF — Cancer-associated fi broblast
CAIX — Carbonic anhydrase isoform 9
CALLA — Common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen
cAMP — Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CAN — Copy number alterations
CAPP-Seq — Cancer personalized profi ling by deep sequencing
CAR — Chimeric antigen receptor
CARM1 Coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1
CBC — Crypt base columnar cell
CBP — CREB-binding protein
CCL2 — C-C motif chemokine ligand 2
CCR — Chemokine receptor
CCSP — Clara cell secretory protein
CD — Cytosine deaminase
CD34 — Cluster of differentiation protein 34
CD133 — Cluster of differentiation protein 133
Cdc42 — Cell division control protein 42 homolog
CDF — Difluorinated curcumin
CDK2 — Cyclin-dependent kinase 2
CE — Clonal evolution (model)
CEA — Carcinoembryonic antigen
CFP — Cyan fluorescent protein
CFU-S — colony-forming unit–spleen
CGRP — Calcitonin gene-related peptide
Chk — Cell cycle checkpoint kinase
CIK — Cytokine-induced killer cells
CK-20 — Cytokeratin-20
CLL — Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CLL-1 — C-type lectin-like molecule-1
CLMP — Common lymphoid-myeloid progenitor
CLP — Common lymphoid progenitor
CML — Chronic myeloid leukemia
CMP — Common myeloid progenitor
CNA — Copy number aberration
CNS — Central nervous system
coA — Coactivator
coR — Corepressor
COX — Cyclooxygenase
CQ — Chloroquine
CRC — Colorectal cancer
CREB — cAMP response element-binding protein
CRISPR/Cas9 — Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9
CRLF2 — Cytokine receptor-like factor 2
CRPC — Castrate-resistant prostate cancer
CSC — Cancer stem cell
CSDC2 — Cold-shock domain-containing protein C2
CSLC — Cancer stem-like cell
CTC — Circulating tumor cell
CTLA4 — Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
CTSD — Cathepsin D
CXCL — C-X-C motif chemokine ligand
CXCR — C-X-C motif chemokine receptor
CYP — P450 oxidase
D
DAG — Diacylglycerol
DAPT — N-[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester
DBH — Debromohymenialdisine
DC-TICs — Delayed contributing tumor-initiating cells
DCIS — Ductal carcinoma in situ
DCs — Dendritic cells
DGCR8 — DiGeorge critical region 8
Dhh — Desert hedgehog
DLLs — Delta-like ligands
DMAG — Demethoxygeldanamycin hydrochloride
DMEM — Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium
Dnmt — DNA methyltransferase
Dn — Dominant-negative
DNER — Delta and notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor
DNMT — DNA methyltransferase
dpp protein — decapentaplegic protein
DR — Death receptor
DSB — Double-stranded break
Dsh — Dishevelled
dsRNA — Double-stranded RNA
DTC — Disseminated tumor cell
Dvl – Dishevelled
E
EBV — Epstein-Barr virus
EC — embryonal carcinoma
EC — Endothelial cells
ECCs — embryonic carcinoma cells
ECM — Extracellular matrix
EdU — 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine
EFNA1 — Ephrin A1
EGF — Epidermal growth factor
EGFR — Epidermal growth factor receptor
EGFP — Enhanced green fluorescent protein
EGFRvIII — Epidermal growth factor receptor variant 3
ELAM1 — Endothelial adhesion molecule 1
ELDA — Extreme limiting dilution analysis
EMP — Erythro-myeloid progenitor
EMT — Epithelial to mesenchymal transition / epithelial-mesenchymal transition
EpCAM — Epithelial cell adhesion molecule
EPCs — Endothelial precursor cells
ER — Endoplasmic reticulum
ER — Estrogen receptor
ERBB2 — Erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2
ERG — ETS-related gene
ERK — Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
ES — Embryonic stem cell
ESA — Epithelial-specific antigen
ESCs — Embryonic stem cells
ESL-1 — E-selectin ligand 1
ETPs — Early thymocyte progenitors
FACS — Fluorescence-activated cell sorting
FADD — FAS-associating death domain
FAK — Focal adhesion kinase
FAL1 — Focally amplified lncRNA on chromosome 1
FAP — Familial adenomatous polyposis
Fbw7 — F-box and WD40 repeat domain-containing protein 7
Fc — Fragment-crystallizable
FGF — Fibroblast growth factor
FIH-1 — Factor-inhibiting hypoxia 1
FITC — Fluorescein isothiocyanate
Flt3 — FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3
FKHR — Forkhead transcription factor
Foxo1 — FOX — Forkhead box protein
FOXOA1 — Forkhead box O1A
FRb — Folate receptor b
Fu — Fused
FU — Fluorouracil
FUOX — Fluorouracil and oxaliplatin
Fz — Frizzled
G
G proteins — Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins
G-6-PD — Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
GBM — Glioblastoma
G-CSF — Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
GAGs — Glycosaminoglycans
GANT — Gli antagonist
GBM — Glioblastoma multiforme
GDA — Germline-derived allograft
GEM — Genetically engineered mouse
GFAP — Glial fibrillary acidic protein
GFP — Green fluorescent protein
GM-CSF — Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
GNA15 — Guanine nucleotide-binding protein, α 15
GPCRs — G protein-coupled receptors
GRK — G protein-coupled receptor kinase
GSCs — Glioblastoma stem cells
GSEA — Gene set enrichment analysis
GSH — Glutathione
GSIs — γ-Secretase inhibitors
GSK3β — Glycogen synthase kinase 3β
GTP — Guanosine-5′-triphosphate
GTPase — Guanosine triphosphate hydrolase
H
HA — Hyaluronic acid
HB-EGF — Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor
HCC — Hepatocellular carcinoma
HDAC — Histone deacetylase
HDACi — Histone deacetylase inhibitor
HER2 — Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
Hes1 — Hairy enhancer of split 1
HGF — Hepatocyte growth factor
Hh — Hedgehog
HIF — Hypoxia inducible factors
HIF-1α — hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha
Hip1 — Hedgehog-interacting protein 1
HIV — Human immunodeficiency virus
HLA — Human leukocyte antigen
HNRNPK — Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K
HNSCC — Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
HoxB — Homeobox protein
HOTAIR — HOX antisense intergenic RNA
HPC — Homeostatic property cluster
HPCs — Hematopoietic progenitor cells
HPI — Hedgehog pathway inhibitor
HPV — Human papillomavirus
HR — Homologous recombination
HRE — Hypoxia response element
HSCs — Hematopoietic stem cells
HSP — Heat shock protein
HSPC — Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells
hTERT — Human telomerase reverse transcriptase
HUVEC — Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
I
IAP — Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins
IBC — Inflammatory breast cancer
IBD — Irritable bowel disease
ICAM1 — Intracellular adhesion molecule 1
ICD — Intracellular domain
ICL — Idiopathic CD4+ T-cell lymphocytopenia
ICM — inner cell mass
IDH1 — Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1
IEX-1L — Immediate early response gene X-1
Ig — Immunoglobulin
IGF — Insulin-like growth factor
IGF-IR — Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor
Ihh — Indian hedgehog
IL — Interleukin
IL-1R1 — IL-1 receptor 1
IL-1Ra — IL-1 receptor antagonist
IL-1Rap — IL-1 receptor accessory protein
IL-3R — Interleukin-3 receptor
IM — Imatinib mesylate
INCa — Institut National du Cancer
INFα — Interferon alpha
iNOS — Inducible nitric oxide synthase
INXS — Intronic BCL-XS-inducing lncRNA
IP3 — Inositoltrisphosphat
iPSCs — Induced pluripotent stem cells
IR — Ionizing radiation
IRAK — Interleukin-1 receptor-activated protein kinase
IRES — Internal ribosome entry site
iPS cell — Induced pluripotent stem cell
ISCs — Intestinal stem cells
ITAC — Interferon-inducible T-cell α-chemoattractant
ITGA6 — Integrin-alpha-6
ITD — Internal tandem duplication
IWPs — Inhibitors of Wnt production
IWRs — Inhibitors of Wnt response
JAGs — Jagged ligands
Jak — Janus kinase
JNK — c-Jun N-terminal kinases
K
kDa — Kilodalton
KLF4 — Kruppel-like factor 4
KRAS — V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
L
L1CAM — L1 cell adhesion molecule
LDA — Limiting dilution analysis
LDH — L-Lactate dehydrogenase
LEF — Lymphoid enhancer factor
LGR5 — Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5
lincRNAs — Long intergenic ncRNAs
LIP — Liver-enriched inhibitory protein
LMO — LIM-only domain
lncRNAs — Long noncoding RNAs
LOX — Lysyl oxidase
LRCs — Label-retaining intestinal stem cells
LRP — Lipoprotein receptor-related protein
LSCs — Leukemic stem cells
LTC-IC — Long-term culture-initiating cell assay
LTTICs — Long-term tumor-initiating cells
M
M-CSF — Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
mAb — Monoclonal antibody
MAC — Magnetic-activated cell sorting
MADM — Mosaic analysis with double marker
MALAT1 — Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1
MAML — Mastermind-like
MAPK — Mitogen-activated protein kinases
MaSCs — Mammary stem cells
MCAo — Middle cerebral artery suture occlusion
MCP2 — Monocyte chemoattractant protein 2
MDR — Multidrug resistance
MDR-1 — Multidrug resistance protein 1
MDS — Myelodysplastic syndrome
MDSCs — Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
MECP2 — Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2
MEK — Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MET — Mesenchymal to epithelial transition
MetSCs — Metastatic stem cells
MGMT — Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase
MGUS — Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
MHC — Major histocompatibility complex
MI — Myocardial ischemia
MIB — Mindbomb
MIP — Macrophage inflammatory protein
miRNA — MicroRNA
MM — Multiple myeloma
MMP — Matrix metalloproteinase
MnSOD — Manganese superoxide dismutase
MLL1–AF9 — ALL1-fused gene from chromosome 9 or MLLT3
MPP — Multipotent progenitor
MRD — Minimal residual disease
MRP — Multidrug resistance proteins
MSCs — Mesenchymal stem cells
Msi-1 — Musashi 1
Mt — Mutant
mTOR — Mammalian target of rapamycin
MTX — Methotrexate
MUC1 — Mucin-1
Myc — v-Myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog
N
N-Cor — Nuclear receptor corepressor
NANOG — Homeobox transcription factor Nanog
NATs — Natural antisense transcripts
NBD — Nucleotide-binding domain NCSTN — Nicastrin
NEBs — Neuroepithelial bodies
NET — Neuroendocrine tumor
NEURL — Neuralized
NF-kB — Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells
NF1 — Neurofibromin 1
Ngn3 — Neurogenin 3
NHEJ — Nonhomologous end-joining
NHL — Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
NICD — Notch intracellular domain
NFκβ — Nuclear factor kappa β
NK — Natural killer
NKT — Natural killer T
NO — Nitric oxide
NOD — Nonobese diabetic
NOD-SCID — nonobese diabetic–severe combined immunodeficiency
NOG — NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγnull
NRF1 — Nuclear respiratory factor 1
NRPs — Neuropilins
NSAID — Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
NSC — Neural stem cells
NSCLC — Non-small cell lung cancer
nu/nu — Nude mouse (Foxn1nu/Foxn1nu)
O
OCT — Octamer-binding transcription factor
OE — Overexpression
OPN — Osteopontin
OS — Overall survival
OVV — Oncolytic vaccine virus
OX – Oxaliplatin
P
P-CYP — Copolymer-cyclopamine conjugate
P-DTX — Copolymer-docetaxel conjugate
P-gp — P-glycoprotein
PACT — Protein activator of PKR
PanIN — Pancreatic intraepithelial lesion
PARP — Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase
PAUF — Pancreatic adenocarcinoma upregulated factor
PAX — Paired box gene
PBMC — Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
PCa — Prostate cancer
PcG — Polycomb group
PCGF4 — Polycomb group RING finger protein 4
PCSC — Prostate cancer stem cells
PDAC — Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
PDGF — Platelet-derived growth factor
PDGFRA — Platelet-derived growth factor receptor A
PDH — Prolyl hydroxylases
PDK1 — Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1
PDX — Patient-derived xenograft
Pdx1 — Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1
PEN2 — Presenilin enhancer 2
PF — Platelet factor
PG – Prostaglandin
PGK — phosphoglycerate kinase
Ph — Philadelphia
PI3K — Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase
PIP2 — Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate
PKA — Protein kinase A
PKC — Protein kinase C
PKR — Protein kinase R
PLC — Phospholipase C
PlGF — Placental growth factor
PMA — Phorbol-12-myristat-13-acetate
PML — Promyelocytic leukemia protein
PORCN — Porcupine
PPAR — Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PR — Progesterone receptor
Pre-miRNAs — Precursor microRNAs
Pri-miRNAs — Primary microRNAs
PRC2 — Polycomb repressive complex 2
PROM1 — Prominin 1
PSA — Prostate-specific antigen
PSC — Prostate stem cells
PSEN — Presenilin
Ptch – Patched
Ptch — Protein patched homolog
PTEN — Phosphatase and tensin homolog
Ptf1 — Pancreas-specific transcription factor 1
pTHRp — Parathyroid hormone-related protein
PTP1B — Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B
PYK2 — Protein tyrosine kinase FAK2
Q
Q-PCR — Quantitative polymerase chain reaction
R
RA — Retinoic acid
RA — Rheumatoid arthritis
Rac — Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate
RANKL — Receptor activator of NF-kB ligand
RAR — Retinoic acid receptor
Ras — Rat sarcoma protein family
RCC — Renal cell carcinoma
REX-1 — Retinoic acid-regulated zinc finger 1
RFP — Red fluorescent protein
RFS — Relapse-free survival
Rho — Ras homolog gene family
RISC — RNA-induced silencing complex
RNAi — RNA interference
RNF51 — RING finger protein 51
RONS — Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
ROS — Reactive oxygen species
RT-PCR — Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
RTKs — Receptor tyrosine kinases
rtTA — Reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator
S
SABR — Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy
SAHA — Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid
SALL4 — Sal-like protein 4
SAZ — Segment addition zone
SCC — Squamous cell carcinoma
SCDSF — Stem cells differentiation stage factors
SCID — Severe combined immunodeficiency disease
SCLC — Small cell lung cancer
SCs — Stem cells
SDF-1 — Stromal cell-derived factor 1
SDF-1/CXCR12 — Stromal cell-derived factor-1
SDH — Succinate dehydrogenase
SETDB1 — SET domain bifurcated 1
SFN — Sulforaphane
SFRPs — Secreted frizzled-related proteins
SGZ — Subgranular zone
SH — Src homology
Shh — Sonic hedgehog
SHIP — Src homology 2-containing inositol-5′-phosphatase
siRNA — Small interfering RNA
SIRP — Signal regulatory protein
SIRT6 — Sirtuin 6
SL-IC — SCID leukemia-initiating cells
SLE — Systemic lupus erythematosus
SLGCs — Stem-like glioma cells
Smo — Smoothened
SMRT — Silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor
SOCE — Store-operated Ca2+ entry
SOX2 — (Sex determining region Y)-box 2
SP — Side population
SP-C — Surfactant protein C
SPNs — Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms
SPPs — Signal peptide peptidases
SRS — Stereotactic radiosurgery
SSBs — Single-stranded breaks
SSEA-1 — Stage-specific embryonic antigen 1
STAP — Stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency
STAT — Signal transducer and activator of transcription
Stat5-CA — Stat5 constitutively active
SuFu — Suppressor of fused
SVZ — Sub-ventricular zone
T
T-ALL — T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
T-TAC — Tumor transient amplifying cell
T-UCR — Transcribed ultraconserved region
TAA — Tumor-associated antigen
TACE — Tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme TAMs — Tumor-associated macrophages
TBI — Total body irradiation
TCF — T-cell factor
TCF/LF — Transcription factor/lymphoid enhancer binding factor
TCGA — The Cancer Genome Atlas
TDECs — Tumor-derived endothelial cells
TET2 — Ten-eleven-translocation gene 2 tumor suppressor
TGF-β — Transforming growth factor-β
TGF-βR — Transforming growth factor-β receptor
TGFBR2 — transforming growth factor β receptor II
Th1 — T-cell helper type 1
TIMP-2 — Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2
TGF-β — Transforming growth factor–β
THPO — Thrombopoietin
TK — Thymidine kinase
TKIs — Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
TMD — Transmembrane domain
TMZ — Temozolomide
TNC — Tenascin C
TNF-α — Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
TR4 — Testicular nuclear receptor 4
TRAF — TNF receptor-associated factor
TRAIL — TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
TRBP — Transactivation response RNA-binding protein
TS — Thymidylate synthase
TSGs — Tumor suppressor genes
TSLP — Thymic stromal-derived lymphopoietin
TTL — Time to development of leukemia
U
3′UTR — 3′-Untranslated region
5′UTR — 5′-Untranslated region
UGP2 — UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2
uPA — Urokinase-type plasminogen activator
uPAR — Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor
Upd — unpaired
UPR — Unfolded protein response
UPRT — Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase
VCAM1 — Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
VEGF — Vascular endothelial growth factor
VHL — Von Hippel-Lindau
VIP — Vasoactive intestinal peptide
VLA4/5 — Very late antigen 4 and 5
vWF — von Willebrand factor
W
WHO — World Health Organization
WIF-1 — Wnt inhibitory factor-1
WMISH — Whole-mount in situ hybridization
Wnt – Wingless
WNT — Wingless-type MMTV integration site family
WS — WHIM syndrome
Wt — Wild type
X
XIAP — X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein
Xist — X-inactive-specific transcript
Zeb — Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox